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PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLES

Wang, P., Smith, A.L. 2023. Emergence of Mobile Colistin Resistance Genes within Los Angeles County Wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology Letters.

 

Wang, P., Zarei-Baygi, A., Sauceda, C., Iskander, S.M., Smith, A.L. 2021. Long-term Surveillance of Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 in Los Angeles County. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology

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Golwala, H., Zhang, X., Iskander, SM, and A.L. Smith, 2021. Solid waste: An overlooked source of microplastics to the environment. Science of the Total Environment.

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Zarei-Baygi A, Smith AL. 2021. Intracellular versus extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in the environment: Prevalence, horizontal transfer, and mitigation strategies. Bioresource technology. 

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Baygi, A. Z., Wang, P., Harb, M., Stadler, L. B., & Smith, A. L. 2020. Membrane fouling inversely impacts intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance gene abundances in the effluent of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. Environmental science & technology.

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Rice, E.W., P. Wang, A.L. Smith, and L.B. Stadler, 2020. Determining hosts of antibiotic resistance genes: A review of methodological advances. Environmental Science & Technology Letters.

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M Harb, N Ermer, CBN Sawaya, AL Smith, 2020. Increased applied voltage in the presence of GAC enhances microbial activity and methane production during anaerobic digestion of food waste. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 2020

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AZ Baygi, M Harb, P Wang, L Stadler, AL Smith, 2020. Microbial community and antibiotic resistance profiles of biomass and effluent are distinctly affected by antibiotics addition to an anaerobic membrane bioreactor.  Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 

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Harb, M., P. Wang, A. Zarei-Baygi, M. Plumlee, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Background antibiotic resistance and microbial communities in an urban aquifer influence advanced purified water after groundwater recharge. Environmental Science & Technology Letters.

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Chen, S. and A.L. Smith, 2019. Performance and microbial ecology of methane-driven microbial fuel cells at temperatures ranging from 25 to 5°C. Water Research.

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Amha, Y.M., M. Corbett, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Two-phase improves performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatment of food waste at high organic loading rate. Environmental Science & Technology 53(16), 9572-9583.

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Harb, M., E. Lou, A.L. Smith, and L.B. Stadler, 2019. Perspectives on the fate of micropollutants in mainstream anaerobic wastewater treatment. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 57, 94-100.

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Zarei-Baygi, A., M. Harb, P. Wang, L.B. Stadler, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Evaluating antibiotic resistance gene correlations with antibiotic exposure conditions in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Environmental Science & Technology 53(7), 3599-3609.

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Chen, S., M. Harb, P. Sinha, and A.L. Smith, 2018. Emerging investigator series: Revisiting greenhouse gas mitigation from conventional activated sludge and anaerobic-based wastewater treatment systems. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology.​

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Gee, S., B. Johnson, and A. Smith, Optimizing electrospinning parameters for piezoelectric PVDF nanofiber membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2018.​

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Cho, K., Y. Jeong, K.W. Seo, S. Lee, A.L. Smith, S.G. Shin, S. Cho, and C. Park, 2018. Effects of changes in temperature on treatment performance and energy recovery at mainstream anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor for food waste recycling wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology 256, 137-144.​

 

Chen, S. and A.L. Smith, 2018. Methane-driven microbial fuel cells recover energy and mitigate dissolved methane emissions from anaerobic effluents. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. DOI: 10.1039/C7EW00293A

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Amha, Y.M., Z. Anwar, C. Jacobsen, L. Stadler, and A.L. Smith, 2017. Inhibition of anaerobic digestion processes: Application of molecular tools. Bioresource Technology.

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Amha, Y., P. Sinha, J. Lagman, M. Gregori, and A.L. Smith, 2017. Elucidating Microbial Community Adaptation to Anaerobic Co-digestion of Fats, Oils, and Grease and Food Waste. Water Research 123, 277-289.

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Smith, A.L., T. Shimada, and L. Raskin, 2017. A comparative evaluation of community structure in full-scale digesters indicates that two-phase digesters exhibit greater microbial diversity than single-phase digesters. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. DOI: 10.1039/c6ew00320f

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Becker Jr., A.M., K. Yu, L.B. Stadler, and Smith, A.L., 2017. Co-management of domestic wastewater and food waste: A life cycle comparison of alternative food waste diversion strategies. Bioresource Technology.

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Webster, T.M., A.L. Smith,  R. Reddy, A.J. Pinto, K. Hayes, and L. Raskin, 2016. Anaerobic microbial community response to methanogenic inhibitors 2-bromoethanesulfonate and propynoic acid. Microbiology Open.

 

Smith, A.L., S.J. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2015. Membrane biofilm development improves COD removal in anaerobic membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment. Microbial Biotechnology. DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12311.

 

Smith, A.L., S.J. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2015. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatment of domestic wastewater at psychrophilic temperatures ranging from 15 to 3°C. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. DOI: 10.1039/c4ew00070f.

 

Smith, A.L.*, L.B. Stadler*, L. Cao, N.G. Love, L. Raskin, and S.J. Skerlos, 2014. Navigating wastewater energy recovery strategies: A life cycle comparison of anaerobic membrane bioreactor and conventional treatment systems with anaerobic digestion. Environmental Science and Technology 48(10), 5972-5981.

*These authors contributed equally to this work.

 

Smith, A.L., S.J. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2013. Psychrophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatment of domestic wastewater. Water Research 47(4), 1655-1665.

 

Smith, A.L., L.B. Stadler, N.G. Love, S.J. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2012. Perspectives on anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatment of domestic wastewater: A critical review. Bioresource Technology 122, 149-159.

 

Shimada, T., E. Morgenroth, M. Tandukar, S.G. Pavlostathis, A.L. Smith, L. Raskin, and R.E. Kilian, 2011. Syntrophic acetate oxidation in two-phase (acid-methane) anaerobic digesters. Water Science and Technology 64(9), 1812-1820.

 

Additional information is available via Google Scholar.

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS/PRESENTATIONS/POSTERS

Smith, A.L., 2019 (invited speaker). A case for pipe-to-pipe reuse over groundwater recharge: An evaluation of antibiotic resistance and the microbial community. Groundwater Protection Council Annual Forum, September 16-17, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

 

Amha, Y.M., W. Zhao, M. Corbett, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Two-phase improves energy recovery from food waste at high organic loading rate in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. 16th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, June 23-27, Delft, The Netherlands.

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Harb, M., N. Ermer, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Impact of applied voltage on methane production and microbial activity in anaerobic digesters in the presence of granular activated carbon (GAC). 16th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, June 23-27, Delft, The Netherlands.

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Zarei-Baygi, A., P. Wang, M. Harb, L. Stadler, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Evaluating antibiotic resistance proliferation in anaerobic membrane bioreactors under different antibiotic exposure conditions. 16th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, June 23-27, Delft, The Netherlands.

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Lou, E., L. Baker, A.L. Smith, and L. Stadler, 2019. Antibiotic resistance gene fate during co-digestion of livestock manure and domestic wastewater in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. 16th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, June 23-27, Delft, The Netherlands.

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Gee, S., A.L. Smith, 2019. Development of electrospun membranes for anaerobic membrane bioreactors. 16th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, June 23-27, Delft, The Netherlands.

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Wang, P., M. Harb, A. Zarei-Baygi, L.B. Stadler, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Cell-associated and extracellular antibiotic resistance gene profile in AnMBR effluent under elevated antibiotic conditions. 16th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, June 23-27, Delft, The Netherlands.

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Amha, Y.M., W. Zhao, M. Corbett, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Energy recovery from food waste at high organic loading rate with two-phase anaerobic membrane bioreactors. AEESP Research and Education Conference, May 14-16, Tempe, Arizona.

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Chen, S., and A.L. Smith, 2019. Effluent dissolved methane management by methane-driven microbial fuel cells: impact of temperature and sulfide addition. AEESP Research and Education Conference, May 14-16, Tempe, Arizona.

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Gee, S., and A.L. Smith, 2019. Investigation of electrospun nanofiber membranes in a bench-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor. AEESP Research and Education Conference, May 14-16, Tempe, Arizona.

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Lou, E., L. Baker, A.L. Smith, and L.B. Stadler, 2019. Evaluating the fate of antibiotic resistance in an AnMBR co-treating domestic wastewater and livestock manure. AEESP Research and Education Conference, May 14-16, Tempe, Arizona.

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Wang, P., M. Harb, A. Zarei-Baygi, L.B. Stadler, and A.L. Smith, 2019. The effect of elevated antibiotic levels on intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in AnMBR effluent. AEESP Research and Education Conference, May 14-16, Tempe, Arizona.

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Warner, T., A. Childress, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Molybdenum disulfide/polyethersulfone nanocomposite membranes: Fabrication and performance during filtration of synthetic biofouling solution. AEESP Research and Education Conference, May 14-16, Tempe, Arizona.

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Zarei-Baygi, A., M. Harb, P. Wang, L.B. Stadler, and A.L. Smith, 2019. Role of membrane foulant layers in antibiotic resistance gene fate from anaerobic membrane bioreactors. AEESP Research and Education Conference, May 14-16, Tempe, Arizona.

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Smith, A.L., and L.B. Stadler, 2018. Mitigating human health risks and enhancing water sustainability: evaluating antibiotic resistance in anaerobic wastewater treatment. FY18 Soil and Water PD Annual Meeting for National Institute of Food and Agriculture, October 1-3, Newark, Delaware.

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Zarei-Baygi, A., Harb, M., Wang, P., Smith, A.L., Investigation of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) potential to reduce antibiotic resistance proliferation and promote wastewater reuse. ACS National Meeting & Exposition (Nanoscience, Nanotechnology & Beyond), August 19-21, Boston, Massachusetts.

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Gee, S., Smith, A.L., 2018. Piezoelectric nanofiber membranes as a potential fouling control method in membrane processes. American Chemical Society National Meeting, Aug 19-23, Boston, Massachusetts.

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Amha, Y.M., Wang, J., Barge, A., and A.L. Smith, 2018. Evaluation of food-waste treatment with two-phase (acid/methane) anaerobic membrane bioreactor. 17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, August 12-17, Leipzig, Germany.

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Zarei-Baygi, A., M. Harb, P. Wang, and A.L. Smith, 2018. Potential reduction of antibiotic resistance proliferation in anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) microbial communities. 17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, August 12-17, Leipzig, Germany.

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Chen, S. and A.L. Smith, 2018. Elucidating impact of temperature on microbial community activity and extracellular electron transfer in methane-driven microbial fuel cells. 17th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, August 12-17, Leipzig, Germany. 

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S. Gee, Smith, A.L., 2018. Piezoelectric nanofiber membranes as a potential fouling control method in AnMBRs. IWA Leading Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Treatment, May 27-31, Nanjing, China.

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S. Gee, Smith, A.L., 2018. Piezoelectric nanofiber membranes as a potential biofouling control method in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. North American Membrane Society Annual Meeting, June 9-13, Lexington, KY.

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Smith, A.L., E. Rice, A. Zarei-Baygi, M. Harb, P. Wang, E. Lou, and L.B. Stadler, 2018. Fate of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria in bench-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactors for agricultural reuse. Water Research Foundation Conference, May 6-8, Atlanta, Georgia.

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Chen, S. and A.L. Smith, 2017. Mitigation of fugitive methane emissions from anaerobic treatment processes using microbial fuel cells. 15th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, October 18-20, Beijing, China.

 

Amha, Y., J. Wang, K. Samy, A. Barge, M. Corbett, and A.L. Smith, 2017. Performance and microbial ecology of bench- and full-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatment of food waste. 15th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, October 18-20, Beijing, China

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Zarei Baygi, A., L.B. Stadler, and A.L. Smith, 2017. Comparative evaluation of antibiotic resistance in full-scale activated sludge systems and bench-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor. AEESP Conference, June 20-22, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

 

Chen, S. and A.L. Smith, 2017. Impact of hydraulic retention time and temperature on microbial fuel cells treating methane-rich anaerobic effluent. AEESP Conference, June 20-22, Ann Arbor, Michigan (poster).

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Gee, S. and A.L. Smith, 2017. Fabrication and bench-scale testing of piezoelectric nanofiber membranes for anaerobic membrane bioreactors. AEESP Conference, June 20-22, Ann Arbor, Michigan (poster).

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Amha, Y.M. and A.L. Smith, 2017. Elucidating microbial community adaptation to anaerobic co-digestion of fats, oils, and grease and food waste. AEESP Conference, June 20-22, Ann Arbor, Michigan (poster).

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A. Becker, K. Yu, L.B. Stadler, and A.L. Smith, 2017. Life cycle evaluation of the co-management of domestic wastewater and food waste using anaerobic membrane bioreactors. 13th IWA Leading Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies, May 30-June 1, Florianopolis, Brazil.

 

Amha, Y.M, and A.L. Smith, 2016. Elucidating microbial community adaptation to anaerobic co-digestion of fats, oils, and grease and food waste. ISME 2016 Conference, August 21-26, Montreal, Canada (poster).

 

Chen, S. and A.L. Smith, 2016. Elucidating the anodic community structure of a methane-powered microbial fuel cell. ISME 2016 Conference, August 21-26, Montreal, Canada (poster).

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Smith, A.L., 2016. Striving for eco-efficiency in wastewater management: Are anaerobic membrane bioreactors the right path forward?, Singapore International Water Week, July 13.

 

Smith, A.L., 2016. Striving for eco-efficiency in wastewater management: Are anaerobic membrane bioreactors the right path forward? (Keynote), 13th IWA Leading Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, June 15.

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Becker, A., K. Yu, and A.L. Smith, 2016. Life cycle evaluation of the co-management of domestic wastewater and food waste using anaerobic membrane bioreactors. 251st American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition, March 13-17, San Diego, California.

 

Yu, K., A. Becker, and A.L. Smith, 2015. Life cycle evaluation of the co-management of domestic wastewater and food waste using anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Towards Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Security in California under Changing Conditions: the Nexus Perspective (UCAL-NSF workshop), December 2-4, Los Angeles, California.

 

Amha, Y., M. Gregori, B. Johnson, R.N. Palacios, and A.L. Smith, 2015. Bench-scale anaerobic co-digestion of fats, oils, and grease and food waste for enhanced biogas production. Towards Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Security in California under Changing Conditions: the Nexus Perspective (UCAL-NSF workshop), December 2-4, Los Angeles, California.

 

Smith, A.L., T. Shimada, and L. Raskin, 2015. Microbial community characteristics of full-scale two-phase and conventional anaerobic digesters. 14th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, November 16-18, Vina del Mar, Chile. International Water Association.

 

M. Gregori, Y. Amha, B. Johnson, R.N. Palacios, and A.L. Smith, 2015. Enhancing biogas production with FOG, food waste, and vegetable cooking oil. BioCycle REFOR15, October 19-21, Boston, Massachusetts.

 

Amha, Y., M. Gregori, B. Johnson, R.N. Palacios, and A.L. Smith, 2015. Bench- and full-scale anaerobic co-digestion of fats, oil, and grease; food waste; and vegetable cooking oil for enhanced biogas production. Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, September 26-30, Chicago, Illinois.

 

Smith, A.L., Q. Imran, J. Pierce, S. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2014. Membrane biofilm development for improved domestic wastewater treatment at low temperatures using anaerobic membrane bioreactor. 87th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, September 27 - October 1, New Orleans, Louisiana.

 

Stadler, L.B., A.L. Smith, A.K. Jain, K.J. Martin, J. Delgado Vela, P. Puente, L. Cao, S. Frenette, C. Bott, T. Rauch-Williams, T. Shimada, A. Salveson, N.G. Love, L. Raskin, and S.J. Skerlos, 2014. Integrating life cycle assessment and experimental research: Evaluating anaerobic membrane bioreactors in domestic wastewater treatment for energy recovery. Borchardt Conference, February 25-26, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

 

Stadler, L.B., A.L. Smith, L. Cao, N.G. Love, L. Raskin, and S.J. Skerlos, 2013. Energy recovery from wastewater: Life cycle comparison of carbon removal technologies upstream of autotrophic nitrogen removal. WEF/IWA Nutrient Removal and Recovery 2013: Trends in Resource Recovery and Use, July 28-31, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

 

Stadler, L.B., A.L. Smith, L. Cao, N.G. Love, L. Raskin, and S.J. Skerlos, 2013. Life cycle comparison of emerging and established wastewater energy recovery systems. 2013 AEESP Education & Research Conference, July 14-16, Denver, Colorado. (poster)

 

Smith, A.L., T. Shimada, and L. Raskin, 2013. Syntrophic interactions in full-scale two-phase anaerobic digesters determined by pyrosequencing. 5th International Conference on Microbial Ecology and Water Engineering Conference, July 7-10, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

 

Shimada, T., A.L. Smith, R.E. Kilian, and L. Raskin, 2013. Microbial community structure in two-phase (acid-methane) anaerobic digesters. 13th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, June 25-28, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. (poster)

 

Smith, A.L., A. Hammerbeck, S. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2012. Psychrophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatment of domestic wastewater: Evaluation of performance and methanogenic activity at varying temperatures and hydraulic retention times. 85th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, September 29 - October 3, New Orleans, Louisiana.

 

Smith, A.L., N.G. Love, S. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2012. Effects of changes in temperature and hydraulic retention time on performance and environmental impacts of anaerobic membrane bioreactors for domestic wastewater treatment. Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies, June 3-7, Brisbane, Australia.

 

Smith, A.L., L.B. Stadler, L. Raskin, and S.J. Skerlos, 2012. Comparative life cycle assessment of domestic wastewater treatment strategies. University of Michigan LCA Symposium, May 31, Ann Arbor, Michigan. (poster)

 

Smith, A.L., H. Dorer, N.G. Love, S. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2011. Role of membrane biofilm in psychrophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment. 84th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, October 15-19, Los Angeles, California.

 

Smith, A.L., N.G. Love, S. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2011. Analysis of microbial communities in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment at psychrophilic conditions. 2011 Biogas Microbiology Conference, September 14-16, Leipzig, Germany.

 

Smith, A.L., H. Dorer, N.G. Love, S. Skerlos, and L Raskin, 2011. Psychrophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment. 2011 AEESP Education & Research Conference, July 10-12, Tampa, Florida.

 

Smith, A.L., Z. Li, H. Dorer, N.G. Love, S. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2011. Energy recovery from domestic wastewater using anaerobic membrane bioreactors. 2011 Borchardt Conference, February 23-24, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

 

Smith, A.L., N.G. Love, S. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2010. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for sustainable domestic wastewater treatment at psychrophilic temperatures. 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, October 31 - November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico. International Water Association.

 

Shimada, T., E. Morgenroth, M. Tandukar, S. Pavolstathis, A.L. Smith, L. Raskin, and R.E. Kilian, 2010. Homoacetogenic acetate utilization in two-phase (acid-methane) anaerobic digesters, 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, October 31 - November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico.

 

Smith, A.L., H. Dorer, N.G. Love, S. Skerlos, and L. Raskin, 2010. Biogas production from domestic wastewater using anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Biogas Summit, October 29, Kettering University, Flint, Michigan.

PUBLISHED REPORTS

Skerlos, S.J., L. Raskin, N.G. Love, A.L. Smith, L.B. Stadler, and L. Cao, 2013. Challenge Projects on Low Energy Treatment Schemes for Water Reuse, Phase 1 (WateReuse-10-06D). WateReuse Research Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia.

 

Raskin, L., S. Skerlos, N.G. Love, and A.L. Smith , 2012. Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment. Water Environment Research Foundation Final Report U4R08, IWA Publishing, London, United Kingdom.

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MEDIA COVERAGE

Hal Eisner and Hunter Lowry, April 23, 2023. In Depth: Wastewater and Disease, FOX11 Los Angeles, https://www.foxla.com/news/in-depth-wastewater-and-disease

 

Wang et al, 2023 (Environmental Science & Technology Letters) reported on by the Los Angeles Time, Discovery of antibiotic-resistant superbugs in L.A. wastewater sparks worry, https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-04-10/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-circulating-in-los-angeles

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Carolyn Johnson, December 23, 2020. Research Shows Sewers Could be Key to Identifying, Stopping COVID-19 Outbreaks, NBC Los Angeles, https://www.nbclosangeles.com/investigations/esearch-shows-sewers-could-be-key-to-identifying-stopping-covid-19-outbreaks/2492563/

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Carolyn Johnson and Maya MacGregor, August 4, 2020. How LA's Sewers Could be an Early Warning System for Coronavirus Outbreaks, NBC Los Angeles, https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/coronavirus/los-angeles-sewers-wastewater-sewage-covid-19-outbreak-coronavirus-usc/2407612/

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Steve Chiotakis, July 29, 2020. Scientists turn to LA wastewater to track coronavirus outbreaks, KCRW radio,  https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/greater-la/mars-wastewater-coronavirus-la-river/waste-sewage-la-covid-19

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Harb et al, 2019 (Environmental Science & Technology Letters) reported on in Science Daily, The Medical News, Lab Manager, CanIndia, Outlook India, The Siasat Daily, Phys.org, Long Room, Medindia, ProKerala, India4u, and Brown and Caldwell’s Water News.

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Jonathan Lambert, March 27th, 2019. Scientists look for antibiotic-resistant germs in raw sewage, NPR, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/27/707198359/scientists-look-for-antibiotic-resistant-germs-in-raw-sewage

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Alexandru Micu, March 8th, 2019. Treated wastewater could release antibiotic-resistance genes into the wild, ZME Science, https://www.zmescience.com/science/wastewater-antibiotic-resistance-4235236/

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Outbreak News Today, March 8, 2019. ‘We’re quickly getting to a scary place that’s called a post-antibiotic world’: Researchers, http://outbreaknewstoday.com/quickly-getting-scary-place-thats-called-post-antibiotic-world-researchers-60720/

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James Ives, March 8, 2019. Getting closer to a scare ‘post-antibiotic world’, News Medical, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190308/Getting-closer-to-a-scary-post-antibiotic-world.aspx

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Olivia Rosane, March 7, 2019. Wastewater Treatment Plants Could Contribute To a 'post-antibiotic World,' Study Warns, EcoWatch, https://www.ecowatch.com/wastewater-treatment-antibiotic-resistance-2630914219.html

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